Design Life-Cycle
assess.design.(don't)consume
Tom Tang
Christina Cogdell
04/06/2024
DES 040A
Target 4 Cube Organizer – Raw Materials
Target is a popular retail company known for its diverse product offerings and affordable prices. The Target 4 Cube Organizer is one of its best-selling home storage solutions, loved by consumers for its clean design and practicality. Target’s products emphasize affordability and functionality while focusing more on convenience and ready-to-use in the product design and manufacturing process than just a DIY assembly experience. Target primarily uses MDF (medium density fiberboard) and Particle board (particle board) as raw materials to ensure that the Target 4 Cube Organizer is a DIY assembly experience. While emphasizing on affordability and functionality, Target's products are designed and manufactured with an emphasis on convenience and ready-to-use rather than just a DIY assembly experience. Target 4 Cube Organizer is primarily made of MDF (Medium Density Fiberboard) and Particle board to ensure the quality and durability of its products. These materials are not only affordable but also provide good structural strength and stability.
Target is committed to sustainable practices in all phases of its product lifecycle, including material sourcing, production, use and recycling. MDF and Particle board are made from reclaimed wood and other renewable resources, the use of which not only helps to reduce reliance on virgin wood, but also effectively reduces waste generation. In addition, Target ensures that the environmental impact of its products is minimized through strict supply chain management and environmental standards. By doing so, Target not only provides high quality products, but also fulfills its environmental responsibility and promotes sustainable development.
The primary materials used in the manufacture of Target 4 Cube Organizer are MDF and particleboard. MDF is an engineered wood product that is usually made by breaking down hardwood or softwood residues into wood fibers in a defibrillator, mixing them with waxes and resin binders, and passing them through high temperatures and pressures to make panels. The advantages of using MDF in furniture production are its smooth surface, which is ideal for painting or veneering, and its consistency and strength compared to natural wood (Rivela 2007).
Particle board, on the other hand, is made from wood chips, sawmill shavings, or even sawdust, which are bonded together with a synthetic resin or other suitable binder, which is then pressed and extruded. This material is cheaper and denser than conventional wood and plywood and is a staple in affordable furniture manufacturing (Kitchen Cabinet Kings 2024). One of the main benefits of particle board is its use of recycled wood waste, making it a more sustainable option. This aligns with Target's commitment to sustainability by ensuring that its products are not only functional and affordable but also environmentally responsible (Rivela 2006).
The production process of MDF and Particle board starts with the collection of raw materials, primarily wood waste. For MDF, the wood fibers are mixed with wax and resin and then pressed into panels under high heat and pressure. Particle board production involves a similar process, but instead of wood fibers, wood particles are used. Both processes are energy-intensive, requiring significant amounts of electricity and heat. However, advancements in manufacturing technology have made it possible to reduce energy consumption and emissions, making the production of these materials more eco-friendly (Halvarsson 2005).
Once the MDF and Particle board panels are produced, they are cut to size and assembled into the Target 4 Cube Organizer. This process involves cutting the panels to the required dimensions, drilling holes for screws or dowels, and then assembling the pieces together. The use of these materials allows for a high degree of precision in cutting and assembly, ensuring that the final product is sturdy and reliable. Additionally, the smooth surface of MDF makes it easy to apply finishes, resulting in a visually appealing product that fits well in various home decors (Kunaver 2010).
In terms of sustainability, Target ensures that the MDF and Particle board used in its products come from responsibly managed sources. This includes using wood certified by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) or similar organizations, which promote sustainable forestry practices. Additionally, Target is exploring alternative materials and production methods to further reduce its environmental impact. For example, using adhesives derived from renewable resources instead of traditional synthetic resins can significantly lower the carbon footprint of MDF and Particle board production (Lee 2020).
The transportation and distribution of the Target 4 Cube Organizer also play a crucial role in its overall environmental impact. The raw materials are typically transported from the source to the manufacturing facility, where they are processed into MDF and Particle board. The finished panels are then shipped to furniture assembly plants, where they are cut and assembled into the final product. Finally, the completed organizers are distributed to Target stores or directly to customers. Each step in this supply chain involves transportation, which contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. However, Target is committed to reducing these emissions by optimizing its logistics network and using more fuel-efficient transportation methods (Target's Global Factory List).
In conclusion, the Target 4 Cube Organizer exemplifies Target's commitment to providing high-quality, affordable, and sustainable home storage solutions. Target uses MDF and particleboard from responsibly managed sources and advanced manufacturing processes to minimize environmental impact while maintaining product durability and functionality. Through responsible sourcing, efficient manufacturing and optimized logistics, Target continues to uphold its commitment to sustainability and environmental stewardship, ensuring that its products are good for both consumers and the planet.
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Halvarsson, Soren, Magnus Norgren, and Kakan Edlund. "Processing of wheat straw materials for production of medium density fiberboard (MDF)." 59th Appita Annual Conference and Exhibition: Incorporating the 13th ISWFPC (International Symposium on Wood, Fibre and Pulping Chemistry), Auckland, New Zealand, 16-19 May 2005: Proceedings. Carlton, Vic.: Appita Inc., 2005.https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/INFORMIT.345076348724895
Kunaver, Matjaž, et al. "Application of liquefied wood as a new particle board adhesive system." Bioresource technology 101.4 (2010): 1361-1368.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852409013169
Rivela, Beatriz, et al. "Life cycle inventory of particleboard: a case study in the wood sector (8 pp)." The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 11 (2006): 106-113.https://link.springer.com/article/10.1065/lca2005.05.206
Lee, T. C., et al. "An overview on development of environmental friendly medium density fibreboard." Materials Today: proceedings 29 (2020): 52-57.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214785320342917
What's the Difference between Fiberboard and Particleboard? Commercial Site Furnishings, 2007. https://www.commercialsitefurnishings.com/fiberboard-particleboard
Wilson, James B. "Particleboard: a life-cycle inventory of manufacturing panels from resource through product." Phase II final report. Consortium for Research on Renewable Industrial Materials. May CORRIM, Inc. University of Washington, Seattle, WA 58 (2008).https://corrim.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/lci-particleboard-panels-resource-through-product.pdf
"What is Particle Board?" Kitchen Cabinet Kings, 2024.https://kitchencabinetkings.com/glossary/particle-board/
Corporate target. “Traceability program” Target 2024.https://corporate.target.com/sustainability-governance/responsible-supply-chains/traceability-transparency
lan McCue
Christina Cogdell
04/06/2024
DES 040A
Embodied Energy Life Cycle Analysis of
Target Brightroom Wooden Cube Organizer
For our group's life cycle analysis we chose to look at Targets Brightroom 4 cube shelf organizer. Brightroom has changed names from Threshold (and previously from Room Essentials) in 2022 to maintain brand attention. Our brightroom wood organizer is a 30x30x15” laminated particle board square organizer with four spaces like a window to tuck things into (target 2024). They are stackable and come in many different sizes. THESIS Using particle boards as a base, target is able to theoretically offset the total co2 emitted during production with the co2 captured by the varied woods and forest composition within the board itself.
The raw wood pulp is acquired from first and second hand forests with heavy machinery usually combusting gas and oil. Operating a skid steer 12 hours a day emits 192 lbs of co2e (table A-1) so it is easy to say there is an additional 1000 lbs of c02 emitted per logging operation per day. Target does not disclose where they get their wood from whether it is a sustainable secondary planted forest or a primary old growth forest and they do not disclose what materials are produced in which factories either. It is important to know what forest the wood comes from because using old trees is unsustainable and they are necessary to fight climate change but also because corporations can manipulate these forests to get a larger carbon offset (more carbon sequestered during life of tree) allowing for more carbon emissions during processing while still having a net negative carbon footprint at the end. It is fun to think that a product's emissions can be offset by the materials growing but these things don't exist at the same time. The trees are living and capturing co2 until they are cut and they are not capturing co2 during the manufacturing process while co2 is being emitted. One cubic meter of forest sequesters 1300 kilos of carbon(Wilson James 2008). Processing the pulp from a meter of forest into particle board requires 400 kilos of co2 emissions, half of this energy comes from nonrenewables like gas, oil, charcoal, wood and the electric grid. Particle board facilities are proud of burning wood as a clean energy source.
Particle Board is made by combining natural materials with artificial hardeners, chemicals, and resins which theoretically makes a long lasting board but they become trash at the end of their lives. The natural materials cannot return to the earth and the particle boards are not impermeable and inevitably swell with water damage. What are we to make of this end of lifecycle waste? So what if you use natural materials and turn them into useless artificial trash waste. (M Karen 2024). Particle boards use a laminate coating which is a plastic sheet applied over particle board (Breeden Amber 2023). This application is not very energy intensive and has a low carbon footprint and some do not require any additional combustion or heat energy but they add to the inability of particle boards to be degraded. The carbon footprint of steel screws and wood dowels is low as well (between 0.5-1 lb of co2e) and is easily offset by captured carbon. Carbon footprint of steel screw production is 1.85 tonnes of c02 to 1 ton of steel screws(Doebee Vincent 2023). There were no clear c02 production estimates for wooden dowels as there are many personal handheld dowel makers, industrial machines and production facilities as well.
Target has manufacturers all over the world with retail centers averaging 5-8k miles from their producers on different continents meaning on average the brightroom organizer at 25 lbs has a shipping carbon footprint of 175-280 kilograms or 620 lbs of co2 emissions(an average of 0.7kg co2e/500 miles). Depending on whether the package is shipped on water, ground, air, or a combination of these. he co2 emitted for a 1 pound package traveling 500 miles is between 0.5-1 kg of co2. A place some people forget to look for emissions is the cardboard box! With a cradle to grave for a flat cardboard of 1.53 KG of co2 emitted per kilogram of cardboard (Cardboard footprint 2022), our brightroom organizers box emits 8lbs of additional co2e.
Unfortunately the target brightroom organizer is not easily reused or maintained. You can't buy individual parts or planks for it and because it's made of particle board and a vinyl sheet, once water gets under the outer layer it is trapped and ruins the particle board. The Target organizer can be combined with other organizers to make new compositions or it could be used as a planter, base or side table. This product is designed to be sold, set up, broken and replaced. There is no way to replace a piece and you will inevitably need to fix a board meaning at the end these particle boards endup in the dump as inorganic plastic waste. A particle board is only a source that generates waste and this is a waste of energy. This is a raw material that could have been burned to generate final electricity! Turning natural materials into synthetic resin infused boards means they must be put in the landfill. It's simply irresponsible.
It is a stepin the right direction that the particle board target uses is from second hand wood and forests that capture carbon but this is just a nice way of saying they cut down trees. Because Target is a mega corporation it is impossible to track where they get their materials for brightroom and whether it is sustainable or not and because the natural fibers are being impregnated with resin to become particle board and then covered in plastic vinyl, the particleboard is converted from a primary natural material into a secondary unnatural one. It becomes a material that cannot be repaired and cannot be recycled or burned to reuse embedded energy. You must pay money. It takes more energy to throw it in the dump at the end of its life. The most energy and co2e it turns out is used and emitted during the deforestation process with each logging operation emitting thousands of pounds of co2 daily (consider each machine emitting 200 lbs of co2e daily and combusting 12 gallons of fuel). The second most energy is used during the production of the particle board around 400 kgs or 800 lbs and with a few hundred pounds of co2 emission left before any material has been exported, after 300kg or 600lbs of co2e during transportation this product is actually carbon negative. It is hard to get exact locations of material sources or specific material production locations because Target is still improving their traceability program “We aim to achieve full visibility not only to where our raw materials originate, but also across our suppliers throughout each tier of our supply chain” (traceability program Target 2024).
Bibliography
Target brands inc “4 cube organizer -brightroom™ ”. Target 2024 https://www.target.com/p/4-cube-organizer-natural-brightroom-8482/-/A-83499807?ref=tgt_adv_xsp&AFID=google&fndsrc=tgtao&DFA=71700000012807842&CPNG=PLA_Storage%2BOrganization%2BShopping_Local%7CStorage%2BOrganization_Ecomm_Home&adgroup=SC_Storage%2BOrganization_Laminate%2FWire+Organization&LID=700000001170770pgs&LNM=PRODUCT_GROUP&network=g&device=c&location=1013721&targetid=aud-2160774822451%3Apla-1463818044417&ds_rl=1246978&ds_rl=1247068&gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAjw88yxBhBWEiwA7cm6pS8QRclLyDM3S4tHArcp8hm6yDldVyGC1d2wqpUNoYquIfVd0UWIpBoCjzgQAvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds
San diego gas and electric “appendix emissions and calculations” data sheet table A-1
https://www.sdge.com/sites/default/files/Appendix%25204.3-A_Emissions%2520Calculations_0_0.pdf
M Karen. M Jennifer. M Marty. D Linda “What's the difference between particle board and fiber board” Commercial Site Furnishings. May 2024.
https://www.commercialsitefurnishings.com/fiberboard-particleboard
Wilson B James. “Particleboard: A Life-Cycle Inventory of Manufacturing Panels from Resource through Product”. CORRIM. June 2008.
https://corrim.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/lci-particleboard-panels-resource-through-product.pdf
Breeden Amber. “Environmental impacts of laminates and coatings” More Vang. April 2023
https://morevang.com/environmental-impacts-of-laminates-and-coatings/
Doebee Vincent. “What is the carbon footprint of steel?” Sustainable ships. December 2023.
https://www.sustainable-ships.org/stories/2022/carbon-footprint-steel
Consumer Ecology “carbon footprint of package shipping and tracking” July 2022
NA. “Carbon footprint of a cardboard box” Consumer ecology. July 2022
https://consumerecology.com/carbon-footprint-of-a-cardboard-box/
Corporate target. “Traceability program” Target 2024
UNUSED SOURCES
NA. “Sustainability and dowels, biscuits and lamellos” The upstyle wood guide. February 2015.
https://www.woodguide.org/guide/dowels-biscuits-lamellos/
Mxkzu_25 “New year, same shit.Thanks target, yall rock”. Reddit. 2024.
https://www.reddit.com/r/Target/comments/rz0lc1/new_year_same_shit_thanks_target_yall_rock/
Andrew Rock Youtube “How to assemble the bright room 6-cube organizer Shelf (target)” Youtube. November 2022.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLK-gqz5itQ
Hu David
Christina Cogdell
04/06/2024
DES 040A
Waste and Byproducts of the Target Cube
Climate change has warrant the concerns of energy usage, gas emissions, and environmental hazards. The overabundance of greenhouse gas emissions have affected the atmosphere negatively. The consequences of climate change have resulted in extreme weather, inhabitable land, and increased average global temperature. The relevance of the issue has resulted in industries focusing on sustainable and eco-friendly products and materials in order to slow down the rate of climate change. The lifecycle of products are more heavily analyzed in order for people to dictate better alternatives if necessary.
Target is a well known retailer among America selling a variety of different products. These products can range from basic items, life essentials, furniture and much more. Target Brightroom is a sub brand within the company that offers a wide range of items fit catered towards home organization. One particular and prominent item are the wooden cube organizers. These cube shelves can come in different sizes depending on the consumer’s wants because of its inherent adjustability. The dimensions of the organizer allows itself to be stacked on top of itself, placed next to each other or changed into bigger or smaller dimensions. These shelves are perfect for storing personal belongings or displaying items.
Target cube organizer shelves are primarily made of two materials, medium density fiberboard and particleboard. According to Fortune Business Insights, they publicly state “The global medium density fiberboard market size stood at USD 42.26 billion in 2023 and is projected to grow from USD 44.84 billion in 2024 to USD 70.98 billion by 2023”. In addition, Skyquest provides insight in claiming that the global particle board market will show an upward trend from being valued at 11 billion in 2021 to a projected increase of 19 million by 2030. These two studies indicate an increased demand and significance within these two materials present in the cube organizer shelves. Because of its growing popularity and influence, it’s important to analyze the lifecycle of this item in terms of raw materials, manufacturing, usability, and waste management. The raw materials needed for the shelves are economically and environmentally efficient with a few drawbacks. The manufacturing process is better than most other materials in the industry while suffering a few issues. Transportation and usability of the product is simple and effective. While recyclability could be difficult, waste managing the product is not a problem. Target cube organizer shelves are eco friendly products aside from few niche concerns.
Target cube organizer shelves’ raw materials are inexpensive and environmentally friendly. Medium density fiberboard and particleboard are wood panels made from wood particles and residuals. Particles and residuals can originate from any hardwood and softwood from trees. Due to this, these materials might not be strong as regular wood panels but gain the ability to utilize wood residuals. Cherry Grove Craft from the United Kingdom states how “MDF not only uses recycled material, but it also reduces the amount of waste that would otherwise end up in landfills”. Medium density fiberboard and particleboard are both products that benefit the environment by preventing my waste from its raw material. Workers can extract the needed raw materials by cutting down trees or using any nearby wood that isn't being turned into a product. Proper machinery such as a dust collector can be used to collect wood particles or sawdust.
In addition to the wood element of these two products, urea formaldehyde is commonly used as a resin to bind the wood together and complete the product as it is. Brittanica states that urea formaldehyde resin is “obtained by chemical combination of urea (a solid crystal obtained from ammonia) and formaldehyde (a highly reactive gas obtained from methane). Urea-formaldehyde resins are used mostly as adhesives for the bonding of plywood, particleboard, and other structured wood products.” The extraction of both urea and formaldehyde is inexpensive and convenient to manufacturers to obtain as its components are commonly within the environment. Because of the convenience of the raw material, the primary raw materials of medium density fiberboard and particleboard are very renewable making it a suitable item to mass produce and build products. However, these materials can raise health concerns for workers. The overexposure of sawdust and wood particles, as well as toxins within the resin can create health issues. Workers can experience itchiness and irritation in parts of their body as well as raise their chances of cancer.
The manufacturing of raw materials is very effective and efficient for workers. Often in order to produce medium density fiberboard and particleboard, industrialized machinery is needed. Machinery such as defibrators are responsible for incorporating the resin into the wood, while certain machinery are responsible for physically altering the dimension and size of these wood panels to build into a proper shelf. These machinery are commonly powered by fossil fuel which results in a carbon footprint depending on its usage. As long as these machineries are kept in control and responsibly used, it’s not an environmental concern. In the same manner of extraction, manufacturers will have to be wary of the health concerns regarding the properties of the raw material. The manufacturing process will consist of toxic chemicals and sawdust to be released in the atmosphere as a byproduct. An overabundance of contact with these byproducts is not ideal.
In terms of transportation, MDF and particleboard are superior to other materials. MDF and particleboard are commonly packaged in plastic when it’s ready to be transported. Plastic can be an environmental concern if left alone because of its inability to biodegrade. Overuse of plastic should be avoided to reduce waste. Like most materials, medium density fiberboard and particleboard is generally transported through internal combustion engines. Internal combustion engines in the form of cars and trucks carry the product from manufacturer to the sellers. In a similar fashion to manufacturing machinery, these automobiles have a carbon footprint from depending on fossil fuel. Although fossil fuel is needed for transportation, a benefit for the cube organizer shelves is the weight of its wood panels. MDF and particleboard are lighter than other furniture materials such as steel, aluminum, or glass. This allows better bulk transportation as well as faster transportation. This results in a lesser carbon footprint from combustion engines in comparison to other materials.
Target cube organizer shelves excel in usability and maintenance. Because the products are primarily MDF and particleboard wood panels, their lifespan is consistent from its durability and resistance. These shelves require little to no maintenance from consumers and can be stored in any dry or indoor environment. The only weakness to these shelves are humidity and water. In the article, Production of water tolerant melamine–urea–formaldehyde resin by incorporation of sodium metabisulphite, they exclaim “The success of UF resins is due to their high reactivity and good mechanical performance, combined with low cost. However, they have an important disadvantage: low water resistance…leading to the release of formaldehyde”. These wood panels aren’t able to withstand long term water and solar exposure, which means these shelves shouldn’t be placed outside or exposed to moisture for long periods. By being in these conditions, it can raise the previous health concerns and damage the effectiveness of the product. The benefit of the shelves comes from its accessibility. If for any reason, people are unsatisfied with their purchase of the product, medium density fiberboard and particleboard can be physically altered in their shape. The simpleness of wood panels allow for the panels to be in any orientation or size without restriction in terms of reusability.
The cube organizer shouldn’t be recycled because of the resin in the MDF and particleboard. By recycling the medium density fiberboard or particleboard, it could result in a health hazard releasing the formaldehyde into the air. If people were to realistically recycle these materials, it should be only through physical recycling. According to Zimmer, he says that “There is usually a need to disintegrate the panels to expose the fibers again so that they can be used again…The disintegration of MDF consists of grinding it, which can be followed by a treatment for greater separation of its constituents.” The proper machinery can reuse the fibers from the original sample but it’ll be largely reduced in size. Because of this, it’s generally inefficient to recycle due to all the drawbacks.
The cube organizer can safely sit in landfill when it comes to waste management. The properties of both fiberboard and particleboard allows the wood panels to intake and store carbon dioxide. These materials can act as carbon storage by reducing the gasses in the atmosphere. While carbon may also be released back into the atmosphere by the same process if the wood panels get destroyed, it takes many decades for it to break down.
In conclusion, because of its inexpensive and convenient nature, MDF and particleboard are widely used and manufactured by large amounts of manufacturers. The market will continue to use these products shown by the projected increase in the following years. The raw materials are easily obtainable because wood serves as a renewable source of material if properly extracted. The manufacturing process utilizes fossil fuel machinery like most other materials in the industry. Consumers are able to use and reuse the cube organizer freely because of its flexible nature. Cube organizers are able to store carbon from the atmosphere and can be thrown into landfill. However, people will have to take into consideration avoiding water contact due to the product being non waterproof, as well as the resin in the product to avoid detrimental impacts to the environment and human health. All of these factors make the Target cube organizer shelves appealing to sellers and consumers while being an eco friendly product. If there’s one aspect where these shelves falter on, it’s the use of urea-formaldehyde. People could look for other resin alternatives to create medium density fiberboard and particleboard if they’re scared of the health and environmental concerns.
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