Design Life-Cycle

Yadira Davalos

DES 40A

Prof. Cristina Cogdell

Mar. 16. 2023

Rare Beauty Liquid Blush: Raw Materials 

Rare Beauty was launched in 2020, quickly it became everyone’s favorite upcoming cosmetic brand. The Rare Beauty CEO Selena Gomez made this brand to raise money for  Mental Health awareness. Following up, they added their Environmental Impact in 2021 using 100% recyclable packaging. With good intentions, Selena was able to make a blush that has won Allure’s Best of Beauty Award two years in a row (1). In this paper, I will be informing you of the raw materials that go into creating the Soft Pinch Rare Beauty Blush.

Isododecane and other petroleum ingredients

  Isododecane is a clear solvent that is usually derived from petroleum. Petroleum can be made from crude oil, coal, or a renewable isododecane that is derived from isobutane which is derived from natural plant-based resources like sugar, starches, and forest waste (2). Rare Beauty doesn’t exactly disclose what type of isododecane is used in the product but we can guess it will be petroleum or starches.

Microcrystalline Wax is a petroleum-based wax derived from crude oil, the micro-crystal structure makes the wax more viscous and flexible (3). It helps the formula of the blush making it more stable so that water and oil parts don’t separate with time.

Propylene Carbonate is a solvent that is made from propylene glycol which is typically made from petroleum. There has been new scientific development for making renewable propylene glycol out of soybeans and canola (4). Again, unfortunately, Rare Beauty doesn’t disclose what their Propylene carbonate is derived from but we can guess it is petroleum.

Silica + other silicone ingredients

Silica is a white powdery component that helps the viscosity (thickness) control in the product, It also keeps skin matte because of its significant oil-absorbing ability. Silica is found in quartz which is in sand, stone, and clay. It's a very abundant material.

Silicone is a base Ingredient for the blush. Silicone is made from silica mineral that is melted in a 1,700 °C furnace and is reacted with carbon (5). Silicone is the main product in the following ingredients for the blush: Dimethicone (emollient), Methyl Trimethicone (solvent), Trimethylsiloxysilicate (water resistant), Diphenyl Dimethicone* (emulsifier), Mica (colorant)  and Silica Silylate (viscosity control and absorbent).  * The Konjac plant is important to create Diphenyl Dimethicone.

Diisostearyl Malate + Sorbitan Isostearate

Diisostearyl Malate is an emollient that cleanses the skin. This ingredient is made from Malic Acid and Isotearyl Alcohol, which is derived from natural fats and oils.

Malic Acid is obtained by unripe fruits (6) making it a renewable ingredient.

Similarly Isostearic is a fatty acid that can be mixed with Sorbitol, sugar, (7) to create an emulsifier called Sorbitan Isotearate.

Disteardimonium Hectorite

Disteardimonium Hectorite is used for viscosity control. This ingredient is an organic derived from hectorite clay (8). Hectorite is also helpful for longer stability in the formula.

Phenoxyethanol

This ingredient can be found in nature but cosmetic brands used the synthetic version made by treating phenol with ethylene oxide in an alkaline medium (9) creating a preservative. Phenol is found to be present in coal tar or can be produced during natural fires.  Ethylene is a man-made gas. This preservative also works for thermal stability.

Sunflower Seed Oil + other extracts

Sunflower seed oil is the most commonly used plant oils in skincare, used as a great emollient and loaded with many fatty acids.

Anise fruit extract is obtained from the fruit of the star anise, used for its perfume smell.

Water Lily Root Extract is used for its refreshing feeling on the skin.

Works Cited

(1) Nast, Condé. “Presenting the 345 Winners of Our 2022 Best of Beauty Awards.” Allure, https://www.allure.com/best-of-beauty-2022-winners#base

(2) Zirm, Sandra. “Renewable Isododecane: Bio-Based Silicone Substitute for Cosmetics.” Haltermann Carless - Haltermann Carless, https://www.haltermann-carless.com/news/renewable-isododecane-bio-based-silicone-substitute-for-cosmetics

(3) Schultz, Jenn. “Difference between Microcrystalline and Paraffin Wax.” Blended Waxes, 15 Dec. 2022, https://blendedwaxes.com/blog/difference-paraffin-microcrystalline/

(4) Office of Tech Transitions. “Kicking the Oil Habit: Making Propylene Glycol from Plants.” Energy.gov, https://www.energy.gov/technologytransitions/kicking-oil-habit-making-propylene-glycol-plants

(5) “What Is Silica?” Construction Workers Should Know Silica: It's Not Just Dust, https://depts.washington.edu/silica/silica.html

(6)  Lesielle. “What Is Diisostearyl Maleate?” Diisostearyl Maleate, https://www.lesielle.com/us/diisostearyl-maleate-in-skincare-what-is-inci-582

(7) “Sorbitan Isostearate.” Www.paulaschoice.fr, https://www.paulaschoice.fr/fr/sorbitan-isostearate/ingredient-sorbitan-isostearate.html

(8) “Disteardimonium Hectorite.” Cosmetics Info, https://www.cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredients/disteardimonium-hectorite/

(9) “2-Phenoxyethanol.” National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Database, U.S. National Library of Medicine, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2-phenoxyethanol#section=Methods-of-Manufacturing

Other

“Soft Pinch Liquid Blush.” Rare Beauty, https://www.rarebeauty.com/products/soft-pinch-liquid-blush

Evioo. “Rare Beauty Soft Pinch Liquid Blush Matte.” Ingredients Explained, https://incidecoder.com/products/rare-beauty-soft-pinch-liquid-blush-matte

 Tiffany Kwong

DES 040A

Professor Cogdell

16 March 2023

Rare Beauty’s Soft Pinch Liquid Blush: Energy

Introduction

     Rare Beauty is an American cosmetics company created by Selena Gomez and her team. It is still quite a new company as it was founded in 2019. Rare Beauty claims of sustainability in its materials; “We’ve made a conscious effort to limit waste wherever possible,” it states on the sustainability and environmental impact page of their website. Although there are many details about the materials of the packaging, these details do not extend to the energy used to produce and ship the products.

     One of Rare Beauty’s best selling products is the Soft Pinch Liquid Blush. In Allure, “the beauty expert” magazine, the blush was declared an award winner in the best of beauty category for 2022. It was also very popular on social media platforms for its long-lasting pigment, lightweight-feeling, and blendability. Due to Rare Beauty’s popularity and claims of sustainability, our group decided to research the lifecycle of the Soft Pinch Liquid Blush.

     The purpose of this paper is to analyze the energy consumption of Rare Beauty’s Soft Pinch Liquid Blush, from the gathering of raw materials all the way to the recycling and disposal. The fossil fuel inputs required for the lifecycle of Rare Beauty’s Soft Pinch Liquid Blush contributes to significant portions of its environmental impact. This is not addressed in the sustainability portion of their website, but it is something where they should attempt to explore other options for more sustainable and clean energy.

Raw Materials Acquisition

     The first step of creating the Soft Pinch Liquid Blush is the acquisition of raw materials. Some of the primary raw materials acquired for the formula of the blush include sand/quartz and mica. All of these materials and minerals are acquired through mining. Sand/quartz come from silica mining as a lot of the sands mined usually have a high silicon dioxide content. The National Minerals Information Center of the United States states that “In almost all cases, silica mining uses open-pit or dredging-mining methods with standard mining equipment.” Mica mining also uses open pit-mining; These deep pits are dug using excavation machinery. The mica is then extracted using hand tools by people. The energy used in mining comes from burning fossil fuels, making the mining industry one of the largest sources of carbon dioxide emissions. According to a study of the mining industry’s energy bandwidth, published by the U.S. Department of Energy, “The U.S. mining industry (excluding oil & gas) consumes approximately 1,246 Trillion Btu/year (TBtu/yr).” “Btu” refers to a British thermal unit and is a unit of power. To summarize, Rare Beauty’s Soft Pinch Liquid Blush uses chemical energy, a combination of fossil fuels and human labor during the raw materials acquisition process.

Product Manufacturing

     The next step in the process of creating the liquid blush is the manufacturing of the product. There are not many articles about how the blush is created at the factory, but there are a few short videos posted by the Rare Beauty company and Selena Gomez. In one of these videos, the liquid blush is shown on a conveyor belt-like machine. The blushes are moved down the line, raised up, and the caps are twisted securely by machinery. There is even a video of Selena Gomez herself at one of the factories in Italy filling up one of the tube containers with the moisturizer; It also shows clips of powders being poured into a large metal bowl, and then being mixed by a large mechanical mixer. Although this footage is of the moisturizer, one can assume that the liquid blush goes through a similar process at the factory. Product manufacturing has a large amount of energy consumption. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, 81 percent of industrial energy consumption comes from manufacturing. The most common sources of energy used in manufacturing include natural gas and electricity.

Transportation and Distribution

     Rare Beauty says that their products, including the liquid blush, are made in Korea. However, as briefly mentioned, Selena Gomez was spotted and filmed a video at one of the factories in Italy. Looking at the imports of Rare Beauty on ImportGenius, it seems that there are suppliers in South Korea, Spain, and Italy. In order to get the liquid blushes from the factories to customers, Rare Beauty works with suppliers to ship their products from one country to another. Although the energy consumed in shipping can depend on many other factors, such as the weight and weather conditions, ships still consume a large amount of energy. Freight Waves states that “A Panamax container ship can consume 63,000 gallons of marine fuel per day…” In order to distribute, Rare Beauty must also use planes and trucks to transport to makeup stores and individuals’ homes. It is important to keep in mind that the consumption of fossil fuels used to power the ships, planes, and trucks can also depend on how far the future destination of the product is to the suppliers’ locations. 

Use, Reuse, Maintenance

     The liquid blush is intended to be used cosmetically to add pigment to a person’s cheeks, adding a flush of color to their face. There is no reuse or maintenance of the blush.

Recycling & Disposal

     Once the liquid blush is done being used, the life cycle continues onto the recycling and disposal process. The Rare Beauty website states that the outer packaging of their liquid blushes are 100% recyclable. The shipper boxes, welcome cards, tissue, and tape are made from recycled fiber and are recyclable; The foam inside is made from corn and compostable. All County Recycling, a commercial recycling company in New Jersey, says that “Recycling cardboard only takes about 75 percent of the energy needed to make a new box. Recycling one ton of cardboard saves 4,000 kilowatts of electricity and 6.6 million BTUs of energy.” Recycling companies use mechanical and chemical energy.

     The formula of the liquid blush, along with its container and brush, is to be thrown away in a household trash after use or when it expires. These will end up at a landfill to be properly disposed of when they are no longer being used. The companies use machinery and human labor to break down and throw away what cannot be recycled. Thus, ending the lifecycle of the Rare Beauty Soft Pinch Liquid Blush.

Conclusion

     The embodied energy for the life cycle of the Rare Beauty Soft Pinch Liquid Blush is very complex as there are many factors that influence how much energy goes into the materials acquisition, transportation and distribution, and recycling and disposal of it. I recently bought the liquid blush and doing all this research on how much energy goes into manufacturing and delivering a simple product such as this has made me more conscious of how our energy is being used. I wish there were more solutions for cleaner energy use during the life cycle of the liquid blush, but it seems like there is a high reliance on non-renewable energies such as fossil fuels. I feel like it is very difficult to find an alternative for this when it comes to creating new products, as many other companies, not just Rare Beauty, also struggle to do the same.

      It is also important to note that much of this information on energy consumption is generalized and not specific to Rare Beauty; This is due to the lack of information on the energy used to create the blush. Most of the time there is more of a focus on the raw materials of the product, while less information on the energy and waste of the product. I tried to apply the general research I found and make it specific to parts of what goes into making the Rare Beauty blush.

Bibliography

EPA, Environmental Protection Agency, https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas.

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada. “Energy Consumption by the Manufacturing Sector, 2021.” The Daily - , 31 Oct. 2022, https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221031/dq221031a-eng.htm.

“How Rare Beauty's Soft Pinch Blush Is Made! #Shorts #Rarebeauty.” YouTube, YouTube, 28 Nov. 2022, https://youtube.com/shorts/HjhIT_6LCyA?feature=share.

“How Soft Pinch Liquid Blush Is Made😍 #Shorts #Rarebeauty #Blush.” YouTube, 31 Oct. 2022, https://youtu.be/dAe7taHChcc.

ImportGenius. “Rare Beauty, LLC: See Full Importer History.” ImportGenius, 13 Mar. 2023, https://www.importgenius.com/importers/rare-beauty-llc.

“Rare Beauty by Selena Gomez: Vegan & Cruelty Free Makeup.” Rare Beauty, https://www.rarebeauty.com/.

“Selena Gomez at the Rare Beauty Factory in Italy 🌸😍 #sg3 #Rarebeautybyselenagomez #Shorts.” YouTube, YouTube, 10 July 2022, https://youtube.com/shorts/LNJdTanI50A?feature=share.

“Silica Statistics and Information.” Silica Statistics and Information | U.S. Geological Survey, https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/silica-statistics-and-information.

“U.S. Energy Information Administration - EIA - Independent Statistics and Analysis.” Use of Energy in Industry - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/use-of-energy/industry.php#:~:text=Industry%20uses%20fossil%20fuels%20and,such%20as%20plastics%20and%20chemicals.

U.S. Mining Industry Energy Bandwidth Study. https://www.energy.gov/eere/amo/articles/us-mining-industry-energy-bandwidth-study.

“Why Cardboard Recycling Is Crucial to Protect the Earth?” All County Recycling, https://www.allcountyrecycling.com/blog/2019/why-cardboard-recycling-is-crucial-to-protect-the-earth.html#:~:text=Recycling%20cardboard%20only%20takes%20about,saves%207%2C000%20gallons%20of%20water.

The World Counts, https://www.theworldcounts.com/challenges/planet-earth/mining/energy-use-in-the-mining-industry. 

Winnie Situ

DES 040A

Professor Cogdell

March 16, 2023

Rare Beauty Soft Pinch Liquid Blush: Waste and Emissions

In 2019, Selena Gomez founded Rare Beauty, a cosmetics company that aims to dismantle unrealistic beauty standards and emphasizes embracing one’s own uniqueness. Rare Beauty’s popularity has skyrocketed since its launch in September of 2020, mainly thanks to the company’s inclusive shade ranges and high-quality product formulations. On top of creating consistently reliable products, Rare Beauty declares itself as an environmentally-friendly makeup brand. They do not test on animals, and claim to formulate their products with safer ingredients. The Soft Pinch Liquid Blush is one of Rare Beauty’s most, if not the most, popular makeup product, having gone viral on TikTok. This virality contributes to the blush’s high demand and constant shortage, subsequently increasing the demand for the natural resources needed to manufacture the blush. Although Rare Beauty is making a conscious effort to limit the amount of waste they produce, the processes within the life cycle of the Soft Pinch Liquid Blush—raw resource acquisition, manufacturing, transportation and distribution, use, and recycling and disposal—likely generates a good amount of waste in the form of atmospheric pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions, which in turn contributes to the declining state of the environment.

A major ingredient used in the Rare Beauty Soft Pinch Liquid Blush is mica, a mineral well known in the cosmetics industry for its shimmery and glowy qualities. Mica is extracted from the earth through mining in countries such as India and Madagascar. The process of mining is heavily invasive, as it requires mass deforestation in order to clear land for illegal mining affairs (Sine, 2022). This has resulted in a loss of biodiversity and has destroyed the habitats of local wildlife (Aggarwal, 2019). During the process of mining for mica, large pits are created in the ground, which eventually grow into sinkholes and cause soil erosion. Additionally, about 75% of the waste that is left from mica mining in areas like Jharkhand, India is dumped near the mines in which the mica was extracted (Maurya, B. R., et al., 2014). The presence of heavy metals in mined-mica waste contaminates nearby land and water resources, as well as agricultural production regions. Staple crops grown in these areas, like rice, absorb toxic metals from the mica-contaminated soil and water, raising concern for human wellness and food security (Ghosh, Saibal, et al., 2022). It is unknown if Rare Beauty sources their mica unsustainably from the mines in India and Madagascar or if they use synthetic mica in their products, but it would be illegitimate to assume that they source their mica one way when it is fully possible that they acquire it another way. Nevertheless, mica mining is an extreme concern when it comes to the environment, as it generates a significant amount of mining waste in the form of toxic heavy metals, which leads to land, air, and water pollution. But the materials acquisition stage is not where air pollution ends in regards to this product’s life cycle.

Since Rare Beauty imports and manufactures their products in factories all over the world, we can infer that a large amount of greenhouse gasses are emitted as waste. During the manufacturing process, the blush product is filled and capped by machines likely powered by fossil fuels such as coal. With the increase in demand for the Soft Pinch Liquid Blush, these factories are producing even more output and burning more fuel than before. In general, the manufacturing industry is a major contributor to the decline of the environment and accounts for two-thirds of total greenhouse gas emissions (Lagunzad, 2022). These toxic gasses are also a leading cause in air pollution and contribute to the decline of human health. Additionally, during the assembly of shipper boxes—which are used to package consumer orders—residual packaging is likely leftover as waste. However, these shipper boxes are fully recyclable; this will be discussed in greater detail later on in the paper. In terms of the makeup product itself, there are no numbers or percentages to estimate how much of the makeup formulas are left as waste, but it is likely that some amount is wasted during and after the filling process.

The transportation and distribution of Rare Beauty’s Soft Pinch Liquid Blush—by ships and trucks—contribute to the worsening of the environment due to the physical and chemical pollutants that are released in the process. Around three percent of total greenhouse gas emissions comes from the shipping industry (Irfan, 2022). Container ships are a main source in which Rare Beauty receives packaging materials and supplies. These large cargo ships travel from ports around the world—namely from China, Korea, and Italy—and eat up a substantial amount of bunker fuel. Because bunker fuel, also known as heavy fuel oil, is an abundant and cheap resource, a majority of larger ships are powered with it. The combustion of bunker fuel in ships, however, releases atmospheric waste in the form of particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and other toxic pollutants, which adds to the greenhouse gas effect and further prompts the rise of global warming. Additionally, container ships produce ballast water discharge, sewage, and oil spills as waste. The disposal of these waste products in the ocean directly contributes to water pollution and is detrimental to marine ecosystems. With container ships also comes the trucking industry for the domestic distribution of manufactured goods. Rare Beauty likely uses freight trucks to distribute their products once they have been assembled and imported from other countries. The consumption and burning of diesel fuel by heavy-duty freight trucks also contribute to carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere. These emissions pose a risk to the environment, as well as to human health, as they create smog in big cities and ultimately worsen air quality. In the United States, transportation alone accounts for almost a third of the country’s total greenhouse gas emissions (U.S. Department of Transportation, 2019), which only continues to increase as the constant need for faster transportation systems remains. With the rise in demand for the Rare Beauty Liquid Blush, the company is beginning to ship their products to more countries, meaning transportation distances will become longer and more fuel will be burned. Consumers from all over the world will have access to this blush, and the methods in which they use the product may have more environmental impacts.

While waste from the use stage of the Rare Beauty Soft Pinch Liquid Blush is minimal as users are likely applying the blush applicator directly on their faces, there may still be traces of the formula left behind on makeup application tools like brushes and sponges. When these tools are washed, the product that is still present on the surface of a sponge or on the bristles of a brush is washed away and into marine environments. The same circumstance plays out when someone wearing the blush washes their makeup off. Because the amount of waste that is generated from the use of this product is seemingly very minimal, one may think that it does not have a large effect on the environment. But when you look at it from a larger scale and think about the number of people that use this product daily, the amount of waste probably seems like a lot more. For example, mica—a major ingredient used in the Soft Pinch Liquid Blush—is a waste product due to the fact that it is not soluble in water when it is washed off into the ocean, which then contributes to water pollution. Other chemical compounds in cosmetic products have raised concerns pertaining to their impact on marine environments. While little is known about how chronically toxic the formulations of makeup products like liquid blushes are in regards to aquatic habitats, the cosmetic industry should not turn a blind eye to the number of contaminants released from these products daily (Juliano, Claudia Clelia Assunta, and Giovanni Antonio Magrini, 2017). In terms of human health, Rare Beauty prides themselves on developing formulas that are safe and acceptable for people of all skin types to use. Their products are free of harmful ingredients like talc and parabens, which are commonly found in other cosmetic products. On top of that, Rare Beauty is cruelty-free and 100% vegan, meaning that they do not contribute to water pollution in the form of contaminated animal waste from animal testing. 

The packaging of Rare Beauty’s Liquid Blush can be recycled after the product is used up and the container is cleaned. Rare Beauty has partnered up with a waste management company called TerraCycle (Ghati, 2022), allowing for empty containers to easily be recycled by consumers instead of being sent to landfills. Rare Beauty’s shipper boxes are also recyclable and are made out of FSC-certified materials such as recycled fiber (Rare Beauty, 2023), meaning whatever was used to create the boxes are responsibly sourced. Everything from the box itself to the welcome card to the tissue is 100% recyclable. Waste is still produced, however, from the transportation of these empty containers and packaging to processing facilities. Whatever containers do not end up in recycling facilities are sent to landfills. Greenhouse gasses are emitted during these processes and worsen air quality as a result. Aside from packaging, any leftover product in the Soft Pinch Liquid Blush container is released into the environment when the blush is discarded.

As of 2023, Rare Beauty is working toward being an even more sustainable company as they plan to introduce recycled materials into the manufacturing of their packaging. Their efforts to remain as environmentally conscious as possible are seen from the actions they take to limit their total waste output and carbon footprint, from developing products that are vegan and cruelty-free, to creating completely recyclable shipping packaging. However, they cannot control every aspect in the life cycle of their Soft Pinch Liquid Blush. A considerable amount of greenhouse gasses generated from the stages of material acquisition, transportation, manufacturing, and recycling and disposal are released into the environment. Other heavily toxic  pollutants are produced from these processes and contaminate the surrounding environment as well. The cosmetic industry still has a long way to go until waste outputs are relatively lower, but Rare Beauty has already taken a step forward in the environmentally-right direction.

Works Cited

Sine, Leahanna. “L’Oréal’s Dilemma: Aligning Beauty Trends With Ethical Goals.” Journal for Global Business and Community, vol. 13, no. 1, July 2022, https://doi.org/10.56020/001c.34697.

Aggarwal, Mayank. “Mica Scavenging in Jharkhand Destroys Lives and Environment.” Mongabay-India, 28 Oct. 2019, https://india.mongabay.com/2019/10/mica-scavenging-in-jharkhand-destroys-lives-and-environment.Accessed 3 Mar. 2023.

Maurya, B. R., et al. “Influence of Inceptisol and Alfisol’s Potassium Solubilizing Bacteria (KSB) Isolates on Release of K From Waste Mica.” Vegetos, vol. 27, no. 1, Springer Science+Business Media, Jan. 2014, p. 181. https://doi.org/10.5958/j.2229-4473.27.1.028.

Ghosh, Saibal, et al. “Effect of Metal Fractions on Rice Grain Metal Uptake and Biological Parameters in Mica Mines Waste Contaminated Soils.” Journal of Environmental Sciences-china, vol. 136, Elsevier BV, Nov. 2022, pp. 313–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2022.10.038.

Lagunzad, Rombie. “What Are the Ways to Make Factories Eco-friendly?” SoluM Europe, 14 Dec. 2022, https://solumesl.com/en/insights/how-can-factories-become-good-for-the-environment#:~:text=Industrial%20factories%20are%20major%20contributors,increases%20health%20and%20environmental%20damages.&text=In%20factories%2C%20toxic%20materials%20and,pumped%20out%20into%20the%20atmosphere. Accessed 3 Mar. 2023.

Irfan, Umair. “Container Ships Are Big Greenhouse Gas Emitters. Can the Industry Decarbonize?” Vox, 21 Apr. 2022, www.vox.com/recode/22973218/container-shipping-industry-climate-change-emissions-maersk. Accessed 5 Mar. 2023.

U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Freight Transportation Energy Use and Environmental Impacts. 2019, https://data.bts.gov/stories/s/Freight-Transportation-Energy-Use-Environmental-Im/f7sr-d4s8. Accessed 10 Mar. 2023.

“Sustainable Makeup | Eco-Friendly Makeup Packaging.” Rare Beauty, www.rarebeauty.com/pages/sustainability. Accessed 10 Mar. 2023.

Juliano, Claudia Clelia Assunta, and Giovanni Antonio Magrini. “Cosmetic Ingredients as Emerging Pollutants of Environmental and Health Concern. A Mini-Review.” Cosmetics, vol. 4, no. 2, MDPI, Apr. 2017, p. 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics4020011.

Ghati, Marylyne. “Can You Recycle Rare Beauty Products?” CLEAN BEAUTY COACH, 30 Aug. 2022, www.cleanbeautycoach.com/can-you-recycle-rare-beauty-products.

Sahota, Amarjit. Sustainability: How the Cosmetics Industry Is Greening Up. John Wiley and Sons, 2014.

Bom, Sara, et al. “A Step Forward on Sustainability in the Cosmetics Industry: A Review.” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 225, Elsevier BV, July 2019, pp. 270–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.255.

Citra, Ari Dina Permana, et al. “Hazardous Industrial Solid Wastes Management on the Cosmetic Packaging Industry.” Proceedings Of 2nd International Conference On Chemical Process And Product Engineering (Iccppe) 2019, AIP Publishing, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5140957.